EU AI Act
Article 101: penalties for general-purpose AI providers
A separate fine regime for GPAI providers, run by the European Commission rather than national authorities.
What it covers
Article 101 covers the financial penalties the Commission can impose on a GPAI provider:
- Up to €15M or 3% of worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher.
- Triggered by intentional or negligent breaches of Articles 53 (general GPAI duties) or 55 (additional duties for systemic-risk models), or by failure to cooperate with Commission requests.
- The Commission, not Member States, decides and enforces these fines when they concern a GPAI model. National authorities still handle penalties for downstream AI systems.
- Fines must be effective, proportionate, and dissuasive. The provider's size, financial situation, and good-faith cooperation are taken into account.
When it applies
Applicable since 2 August 2025, in step with the GPAI provider obligations the Commission can sanction.
Penalty exposure
This article is the penalty mechanism itself.